Crown ethers (see under crown compounds) having a side chain that holds one or more additional coordinating sites. G.W. Gokel, K.A. Arnold, M. Delgado, L. Echeverria, V.J. Gatto, D. A. Gustowski, J. Hernandez, A. Kaifer, S.R. Miller and L. Echegoyen, PAC 60, 461-465 (1988).
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