Descriptors which show the relationship between two ligands attached to separate atoms that are connected by a double bond or are contained in a ring. The two ligands are said to be located cis to each other if they lie on the same side of a plane. If they are on opposite sides, their relative position is described as trans. The appropriate reference plane of a double bond is perpendicular to that of the relevant -bonds and passes through the double bond. For a ring (the ring being in a conformation, real or assumed, without re-entrant angles at the two substituted atoms) it is the mean plane of the ring(s). For alkenes the terms cis and trans may be ambiguous and have therefore largely been replaced by the E, Z convention for the nomenclature of organic compounds. If there are more than two entities attached to the ring the use of cis and trans requires the definition of a reference substituent (See IUPAC, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F and H, Pergamon Press, 1979, p. 478, Rule E-2.3.3, E-2.3.4; IUPAC, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993, pp. 149-151, Rule R-7.1.1).
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